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Affinity Fraud & Faith-Based Investing |
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FORECASTS & TRENDS E-LETTER IN THIS ISSUE: 1. Fraudulent Faith-Based Scams On The Rise 2. Recent Examples Of Affinity Fraud 3. How To Avoid Affinity Fraud 4. Legitimate Faith-Based Investing 5. Faith-Based Financial Planning Introduction In my September 5 E-Letter, I discussed some of the more common investment scams making the rounds today. One of the perennial top-ten problems is so-called “affinity fraud” which is generally defined as scams targeting members of a specific demographic group. Members of the group can be especially vulnerable because the con artists are often also members of the group, thereby establishing an implied level of trust. Nowhere is the problem of affinity fraud more troubling than in religious institutions. While most of us are comfortable dealing with others who share our values and beliefs, the area of affinity-based investments is, unfortunately, also ripe for fraud. In fact, securities regulators consistently list affinity fraud among the top ten investment scams. Therefore, it is important that religious minded investors educate themselves so as not to be taken in by potential scams. As usual, my September 5 E-Letter produced a number of responses from readers. Most thanked me for the information, and some shared their own horror stories. Since many of our readers have strong religious beliefs, some of them asked a very valid question: “How can I invest in keeping with my religious beliefs yet avoid the scam artists out there?” “Socially responsible” investing has been popular for a long time, but it’s important to note that this is not the same as “faith-based” investments. Socially responsible investments seek to invest only in companies that meet certain social standards, such as being environmentally friendly, not using animals for testing, etc. Faith-based investments are different in that they seek to mirror the beliefs and values of their investors, whether they be Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist, etc. These investments seek a profit like any other investment, but do so in such a way that avoids stocks of companies that violate a particular set of values. In this week’s E-Letter, I’m going to go into more detail about how to identify and avoid affinity fraud, specifically from a religious context. Then, I’ll provide some guidance on where you can go to find investments that may reflect your personal religious beliefs. Faith-Based Affinity Fraud Unfortunately, financial scams involving religious affiliation are nothing new. There is the story in the Bible about Jesus driving the moneychangers from the Temple during his ministry because they had made it a “den of thieves.” There are numerous other references to financial deceit in the Bible and other religious works. While I have no problem with fellow Christians seeking to spread their values to clients, I am wary of the implications of financial advice that is deemed to “come from God.” I have heard from far too many people who told me they were ripped off by investment promoters that touted themselves as being Christians. As noted above, securities regulators consistently list religiously based investment scams as among the most prevalent. You see, people tend to do business with people they trust. Building trust is one of the basic requirements for having a successful investment advisory or financial planning practice. However sometimes, untrustworthy people advertise themselves as being a member of a certain religion in order to shortcut the trust issue. Clients come to him or her not because of the trust they have in the advisor, but because of their common religious beliefs. Recent Examples Of Affinity Fraud This ability to have immediate trust and credibility based on a common affinity is why scam artists flock to religious themes so often. Below are just a few examples of recent affinity scams where people have lost money – sometimes their entire life savings: * A long-time member of Crossroads Christian Church in Corona, Calif., sang in the choir and donated part of his conspicuous wealth to its ministries. Pastors and churchgoers alike entrusted their money to him. By the time the con artist was unmasked as a fraud, he and his partners had stolen more than $50 million from their clients. * At Daystar Assembly of God Church in Prattville, Ala., a congregant persuaded church leaders and others to invest about $3 million in real estate a few years ago, promising some profits would go toward building a megachurch. The Daystar Assembly was swindled and lost its building. * The leaders of Greater Ministries International, based in Tampa, Fla., defrauded thousands of people of half a billion dollars by promising to double their money on investments that ministry officials said were blessed by God. * When a widow came into a large amount of money after the death of her husband, she felt comfortable putting it in the hands of a Jehovah’s Witnesses elder to invest in real estate. She bought $764,000 worth of promissory notes from a financial consultant and former missionary whom she’d known for many years from the congregation. He assured her that her investment would be safe and that she’d get a high interest rate. In the end, she lost everything, and was forced to sell her home and declare bankruptcy. * In Philadelphia, the Securities and Exchange Commission filed a civil fraud suit in November of 2002 against a Georgia businessman and two of his companies, alleging they had raised at least $3 million from more than 1,000 small churches nationwide, including more than two dozen in South Florida. Pastors were promised a return of $500,000 for every $3,000 they invested, SEC officials say. The money was supposed to have been invested in a chain of Christian-themed vacation resorts, which were never built. * In Phoenix, five former executives of the Baptist Foundation of Arizona were indicted on fraud, racketeering and theft charges after state investigators alleged it had raised $570 million from thousands of Baptist investors across the nation in a “Ponzi” scheme, in which money from new investors was used to pay off old ones. Investors who bought securities from the foundation were attracted by high rates of return and told their profits would be spent on church activities. Instead, investigators said the foundation allegedly hid losses and misrepresented its financial condition. * In Boston, the SEC filed civil fraud charges against two companies and four men who allegedly raised $22 million in a securities scam aimed at members of the Christian Science Church. Regulators said they promoted bogus investments in an international trading program that did not exist, and told investors they would earn profits of 48% - 60% per year. * In South Florida last fall, two con men hatched a scheme in which their Internet service provider, Families On Line, raised more than $3.7 million from hundreds of investors, some of them fundamentalist Christians, by selling shares of stock through an unregistered securities offering. The company billed itself as a moral and safe alternative to the uncensored Internet for parents, religious organizations and schools. Prosecutors say the men allegedly withdrew at least $1.6 million in investor funds for their own use, which included a $40,000 custom-designed motorcycle, a Hawaiian vacation, a BMW, jewelry and adult novelty items.
* An unregistered investment manager and ordained Scientology minister, admitted to defrauding clients of approximately $255 million in a Ponzi-type investment scheme. Many of his victims were fellow Scientologists; others were wealthy investors with Hollywood connections. The list goes on and on. Churches and religious organizations are fertile ground for scam artists who seek to separate trusting church members from their hard-earned money. Perhaps most disturbing of all is the fact that many of these complaints are about fellow church members who the victims have known for years. Ways to Avoid Affinity Fraud As I stated above, crooked promoters like to utilize religious beliefs to shortcut the normal trust-building process. However, religion is not the only affinity relationship used. Other scam artists have targeted members of certain ethnic groups, various nationalities, the elderly, or just about any other group of people who have something in common. Therefore, it is important that you know how to protect yourself from these wolves in sheep’s clothing. According to securities regulators, there are a number of steps you can take to protect yourself from affinity fraud. Among these are:
Legitimate Moral Investments The recent growth in religious affinity investments has come as a result of some investors insisting that their investments mirror their spiritual beliefs. However, this desire is nothing new, as there have been morality-based mutual funds since the early 1970s. Many of these funds are associated with church denominations or religious organizations that originally offered these values-oriented funds to their membership, and then branched out to the public in general. Many religious investors do not want to own stock in businesses that engage in questionable activities. Today, however, with huge corporate conglomerates, it is sometimes difficult for individual investors to know exactly what all of the subsidiaries of a corporation may do. Thus, for such investors, it may be beneficial to have a faith-based mutual fund with a professional investment manager who has the resources to determine the kinds of activities all of a company’s subsidiaries engage in. In most cases, these funds screen out companies that profit from abortion services, pornography, immoral lifestyles (including the promotion of such lifestyles in entertainment), alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Still others will not invest in defense industries or gun manufacturers. While you may wish to put your money to work only in companies that reflect your particular set of beliefs, it is often easier said than done. As the presence of various religious denominations attests, there are different interpretations of what is right and wrong. What may be a violation for one denomination may be just fine for another. For example, the Baptist Church generally teaches abstinence from all alcoholic beverages, but Catholics have no such teaching. However, Catholics would not want to invest in a company that makes contraceptives, while many Baptists would have no problem with this. These are just two examples of many. Thus, faith-based investors need to know what screens a fund manager is using to insure it matches their values. You also need to know how far the screens go in excluding companies. Some funds exclude businesses only if they make or distribute products that violate the investor’s religious beliefs. However, other funds exclude companies that might otherwise be acceptable based on their product or service, but have offending employee benefits policies such as providing medical benefits to unmarried or same-sex domestic partners. In addition, some of the companies founded on moral principles are not particularly attractive from an investment point of view. As a result, fund managers sometimes include companies that have a very minor part of their revenues generated from immoral activities. I once read a report that graded religious funds based on a set of moral criteria. Violations in these funds ranged from 0% to over 50%, illustrating the difficulty in maintaining the funds’ moral direction while also providing a reasonable return. Some Investment Advisors point out that the omission of certain types of business may have the effect of moderating the returns of faith-based alternatives. Obviously, if enough types of businesses are excluded, returns will be negatively affected. Yet many faith-based investors are more interested in investing according to their values than maximizing investment returns. According to Morningstar, Inc., the value of assets in faith-based mutual funds jumped from $2.37 billion in 2000 to $16.03 billion at the end of July. Finding Faith-Based Alternatives Finding faith-based investment alternatives may prove as challenging as deciding which ones best fit your values. While you can search for socially responsible investments on various Internet websites and software packages, faith-based alternatives are not always given as a separate category. Therefore, one way to find these funds is to do a search of socially responsible funds, and then review each alternative’s prospectus. There are a number of good online resources for those interested in learning more about socially responsible and faith-based investments. I have listed a few of these websites below:
The Social Investment Forum: http://www.socialinvest.org/
In addition to these resources, there are mutual fund families that have been established to serve specific religious groups. Below, I have listed the names and website addresses of mutual funds that serve various religious affiliations. Please be aware that I am listing these fund families for information purposes only, and do not endorse any particular fund or fund family:
As you research funds, you should be careful to not put money into any fund just because it purports to incorporate your religious beliefs. Once fund alternatives have been identified, you should review each alternative just as you would any other investment, and compare it to applicable benchmarks such as the S&P 500 or Russell 2000 indices. You should also look at the tenure and experience of the money manager. Since faith-based funds are a “niche” market, they sometimes have trouble attracting the best and brightest managers. I mentioned above that investing with your conscience may result in lower returns. However, the Domini 400 Social Index (a stock index made up of companies screened for a variety of social concerns) has outperformed the S&P 500 since it’s inception in May of 1990, though the differential in average annualized return is less than one percentage point. Plus, this index is not necessarily limited to only those companies that would be acceptable to faith-based investors. To get an idea of the performance of strictly faith-based funds, I ran a sample of the more popular funds through our mutual fund analysis software. Out of a sampling of 44 funds with at least a five-year track record, only fifteen (34%) performed in the top half of their respective Morningstar categories as of August 31, 2006. However, 18 of these funds (41%) had 5-year average annualized returns greater than that of the S&P 500 Index. A possible reason for this lackluster relative performance – in addition to the investment screening limitations – may be that these funds tend to be smaller in size, so the expense ratios are typically larger than for mainstream mutual funds. Even so, there were some faith-based funds with performance in the top 25% of their respective Morningstar categories, so it shows that it is possible to get a reasonable return while also investing according to your conscience. However, with so few funds with good performance, it may be difficult to find enough viable funds to adequately diversify your portfolio. Also remember that past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. Faith-Based Financial Planners In addition to faith-based investment products, more and more financial planners are starting to hold themselves out as faith-based planners. They seek to provide financial guidance that is based on the Bible, the Koran, etc., depending upon the affinity group they wish to serve. Obviously, the largest religious affinity group in the US is made up of Christians, so most faith-based financial planners seek to provide Christian-based investment counseling. These financial planners are providing religious-based financial counseling as a result of a perceived demand from their clients for spiritually based investment advice. According to the National Association of Christian Financial Consultants (NACFC), the mission of their membership is to integrate Bible-based principles within their financial consulting practices. In other words, their practices are generally viewed as much a ministry as a profession. You can find out more about the NACFC on its website at www.nacfc.org. Religious-based financial counseling can be a good thing, especially if the addition of a spiritual side to your finances helps you to develop the discipline to save and invest the way you should. However, faith-based planning is no guarantee that the advice you get will be the best available. From my own personal observations, I have not found all Christian-based businesses to be superior to their secular peers, and I expect financial planners are no exception. And in fact, I have found certain groups, especially in the investment world, that use their supposedly religious orientation to lure investors into trusting them, when many times they should not. Therefore, you need to evaluate financial advisors the same way I recommended that you evaluate faith-based mutual funds – that is, based on their credentials and performance, and not solely on the fact that they have a sign of the fish on their door. Honesty, integrity, and caring for your fellow man are some of the most important precepts of the Bible. However, these moral values must be mixed with knowledge and experience (call it wisdom) for a financial planner to be effective. You should never do business with any financial advisor based solely on the fact that they profess to base their advice on religious principles. Many unwary investors have done so, and have lost everything. Conclusions All of us have a spiritual side to our nature, whether we want to admit it or not. For many years, however, it was difficult to structure investments to coincide with one’s beliefs and values. For those who did not want to invest in stocks or mutual funds for fear of including a company that supported immoral activities, government bonds and bank CDs were about the only answer. However, even with the bank CD, you may never know whether the bank is lending money to businesses that engage in the same questionable activities. Today we are fortunate in that there are investment products that allow investors to put their money where their hearts are for those who are so inclined. There is also a growing number of financial advisors who will provide values-based financial counsel that coincide with your particular values and beliefs. However, because religious affiliation is such a fertile field for scam artists, you need to be especially careful when dealing with anyone who contacts you from your church, mosque, synagogue or other religious affiliation regarding a sure-fire investment opportunity. You should also never confuse religious faith with faith in a particular investment. Just because an investment is recommended by a religious-based financial advisor, or is supposedly based on spiritual principles, that is no guarantee it will do any better than any other investment. As I mentioned in this article, two-thirds of faith-based mutual funds rank in the bottom half of their overall Morningstar category based on performance. Finally, do not trust someone – especially someone touting investments – just because he or she claims to be a Christian or a believer in whatever your faith may be. One of the most unscrupulous and unethical people I have ever dealt with was a man who claimed to be a devout Christian. Very best regards,
Gary D. Halbert SPECIAL ARTICLES:
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